Home

Understanding Dementia: Spotting the Signs and Finding Support

It's time to raise awareness and challenge the stigma surrounding dementia.

Two hands holding a dandelion puff outdoors, with grass and a stone wall in the background. - Home Instead

What Is Dementia?

Dementia is a progressive condition that affects cognitive functions such as memory, problem solving, language and behaviour. Everyone is unique and will experience dementia in their own way. Different types of dementia will affect people in different ways. How people respond to the person with dementia and their environment are other factors that will impact on how well someone lives with dementia.

Dementia is not a single disease but a term used to describe a group of symptoms caused by damage to the brain. These symptoms affect memory, thinking, behaviour, and the ability to perform everyday tasks. The most common types include:

  • Alzheimer’s Disease

The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease, which is a physical disease of the brain. This leads to the death of nerve cells and loss of brain tissue. As the disease progresses more parts of the brain are damaged. As this happens more symptoms develop. The symptoms are usually mild to start with but become worse over time and may start to interfere with daily life. For most people the earliest symptoms will be memory lapses, such as recalling recent events and learning new information. They may also experience changes in their mood and can become anxious, irritable or depressed. As the condition progresses the memory loss will also begin to interfere with daily life.

  • Vascular Dementia

Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia and results from brain damage caused by diseased blood vessels, which may become blocked or leak. This means that blood (carrying oxygen & nutrients) does not reach the brain cells and the brain cells will eventually die. This death of brain cells can cause problems with memory, thinking or reasoning. These three elements are called cognition. A common cause of this is the person having a major stroke or one or more smaller strokes. When these cognitive problems are severe enough to start affecting a person’s daily life it is known as vascular dementia.

  • Frontotemporal Dementia

This type of dementia is caused when nerve cells in the frontal and/or temporal lobes of the brain die and the pathways that link the lobes change. As the disease progresses the brain tissue in the frontal and temporal lobes shrinks. Symptoms can include changes in personality, behaviour and language difficulties. The effect of changes in the brain on how a person lives can be influenced by a range of other factors such as their health, their personality, who they have around them, how they are treated, as well as previous life experiences and so on.

  • Dementia with Lewy bodies

Lewy bodies are tiny deposits of a protein that appear in nerve cells in the brain. These deposits cause dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson’s disease. Symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies are similar to those of Alzheimer’s disease. The individual may also have problems with attention and alertness, they may stare into space for long periods or their speech can become disorganised. Visual hallucinations are common, in particular during the early stages.

  • Young-onset Dementia

Someone is said to have young-onset dementia if they develop symptoms before the age of 65. The age of 65 is used because it is the age at which people traditionally retired. Other terms used for this condition include “early-onset dementia” and “working-age dementia”.

Young-onset dementia is usually caused by similar diseases to late-onset dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Vascular dementia & dementia with Lewy bodies. A younger person is more likely to develop one of the rarer types of dementia developed from neurological conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease. Diagnosis can be delayed as the symptoms may not be recognised as dementia.

We need to remember that people living with young-onset dementia will have different needs and concerns than those people with late-onset dementia. This can be for a variety of reasons including:

  • They may still be working
  • Their partner may still work
  • They may have dependent children
  • They may also be supporting older parents
  • Still having financial commitments such as a mortgage
  • They may be more physically fit

Early Signs of Dementia to Look Out For

Dementia is a progressive condition that affects memory, thinking, and behaviour. It’s not a natural part of ageing, and spotting the early signs can make a significant difference in accessing support, planning for the future, and improving quality of life.

While symptoms vary from person to person, there are several common signs that may appear in the early stages. These changes are often subtle and may be mistaken for stress, tiredness, or simply “getting older.” Here’s what to look out for:

Memory Loss That Disrupts Daily Life

Forgetfulness is one of the most recognised early signs. This often involves:

  • Struggling to recall recent events or conversations
  • Repeating questions or stories
  • Misplacing items and being unable to retrace steps
  • Forgetting names, appointments, or why they entered a room

Difficulty with Planning and Problem-Solving

Tasks that require concentration or decision-making may become harder. You might notice:

  • Trouble managing finances or following a recipe
  • Difficulty making plans or solving everyday problems
  • Getting confused with numbers or handling money in shops

Challenges with Language and Communication

People may begin to:

  • Struggle to find the right words
  • Lose track of conversations
  • Repeat themselves or use vague language
  • Become quieter or more withdrawn due to communication difficulties

Confusion About Time and Place

A person may:

  • Get lost in familiar places
  • Forget the day or time
  • Believe they need to be somewhere they don’t (e.g., going to work when retired)

Changes in Mood, Personality or Behaviour

Emotional and behavioural changes can be early indicators, including:

  • Increased anxiety, sadness, or irritability
  • Loss of interest in hobbies or socialising
  • Becoming more withdrawn or lacking confidence
  • Acting impulsively or inappropriately in social settings

Difficulty Performing Familiar Tasks

Routine activities may become confusing, such as:

  • Making a cup of tea
  • Getting dressed
  • Using household appliances

Visual and Spatial Difficulties

Some people experience:

  • Trouble judging distances or navigating stairs
  • Misinterpreting visual information (e.g., mistaking a rug for a hole)

What Should You Do If You Notice These Signs?

If you or someone you care about is showing these symptoms, it’s important to speak to a GP. Early diagnosis can open the door to support services, treatment options, and future planning while the person still has mental capacity.

Recognising the early signs of dementia can be difficult, but awareness is key. Families who notice changes should trust their instincts and seek advice. With the right support, people living with dementia can continue to lead fulfilling lives.

Two people clinking colorful mugs together, standing indoors near a wooden table and white chair. - Home Instead

How Is Dementia Diagnosed?

Getting a dementia diagnosis can feel overwhelming, but understanding the process can help individuals and families feel more prepared and supported. Early diagnosis is key, it allows access to treatment, support, and the opportunity to plan for the future.

Step 1: Speak to Your GP

If you or a loved one is experiencing memory problems or changes in thinking, the first step is to book an appointment with your GP

During the appointment, the GP will:

  • Ask about symptoms and how they affect daily life
  • Perform a brief memory or cognitive test
  • Rule out other causes such as infections, depression, thyroid issues, or medication side effects
  • Possibly order blood and urine tests

It’s helpful to bring someone who knows you well to the appointment, they can offer additional insight and support.

Step 2: Referral to a Specialist

If dementia is suspected, the GP will refer you to a memory clinic or a specialist such as:

  • A  psychiatrist
  • A geriatrician
  • A neurologist

At the memory clinic, you may undergo:

  • Detailed cognitive assessments
  • Brain scans (CT or MRI) to detect changes in brain structure
  • Further tests to assess memory, attention, language, and spatial awareness

Step 3: Receiving the Diagnosis

Once assessments are complete, the specialist will:

  • Discuss the findings with you
  • Confirm the type of dementia (if possible)
  • Explain what the diagnosis means
  • Offer information about treatment options and support services

You’ll also be given written information and may be referred back to your GP for ongoing care.

Why Early Diagnosis Matters

Hearing the word “dementia” can be daunting, and for many, the idea of seeking a diagnosis may feel overwhelming. But getting an early diagnosis is one of the most important steps a person and their family can take. It opens the door to understanding, planning, and accessing the right support at the right time.

Dementia is a progressive condition, which means symptoms gradually worsen over time. In the early stages, changes in memory, thinking, or behaviour may be subtle and easy to dismiss. But recognising these signs and seeking help early can make a significant difference. An early diagnosis allows individuals to make sense of what’s happening, rather than living with uncertainty or fear.

It also enables families to plan ahead emotionally, practically, and financially. With a diagnosis, people can explore treatment options, access support services, and make decisions about future care while the person with dementia is still able to express their wishes. It’s a chance to take control, rather than waiting until a crisis forces action.

From a medical perspective, early diagnosis can help manage symptoms more effectively. Some types of dementia respond to medication that may slow progression or ease certain challenges. Lifestyle changes, such as staying active and eating well, can also be introduced early to support brain health and wellbeing.

Importantly, an early diagnosis helps reduce stigma. It encourages open conversations and helps others understand what the person is going through. It also connects families with communities, charities, and care providers who can offer guidance, companionship, and practical help.

Support While Waiting

Waiting for a diagnosis can be stressful. In the meantime:

  • Keep a symptom diary
  • Stay mentally and physically active
  • Reach out to support groups or dementia charities

Physical Environment

Why the Environment Matters

Dementia affects memory, perception, and the ability to process information. A person’s surroundings can either support or hinder their ability to function day-to-day. A well-designed environment can:

  • Reduce anxiety and agitation
  • Support orientation and memory
  • Encourage independence
  • Prevent accidents and injuries
  • Promote dignity and comfort

Key Features of a Dementia-Friendly Environment

It is important to remember that the individual’s experience of living with dementia will be expressed in many different ways. Every individual is unique and will have their own experience of living with the disease. This experience is an interaction between the symptoms and how understanding, enabling and compassionate people are around the individual and how supportive the physical environment is.

Clear Signage and Visual Cues

  • Use large, readable signs with pictures and words (e.g., for bathroom, kitchen).
  • Colour contrast helps distinguish doors, furniture, and walls.

Consistent Layout

  • Keep furniture and objects in familiar places.
  • Avoid frequent rearranging, which can cause confusion.

Safe and Simple Design

  • Remove trip hazards like rugs and clutter.
  • Install grab rails, non-slip flooring, and good lighting.

Familiar and Personal Touches

  • Display photos, keepsakes, and familiar items to spark recognition and comfort.
  • Use memory boxes or life story displays near bedrooms.

Calming Atmosphere

  • Soft lighting and natural light reduce shadows and confusion.
  • Gentle colours and quiet spaces help reduce overstimulation.

Accessible Outdoor Areas

  • Safe gardens or patios encourage movement and connection with nature.
  • Clear paths and seating areas support relaxation and exercise.

Living in a Different Reality

One of the most powerful ways we can support someone living with dementia is by stepping into their world, by recognising that their reality may be different from ours, and choosing to meet them there with empathy, patience, and understanding.

Dementia affects how the brain processes information, which means that a person may experience time, place, and relationships in ways that don’t align with objective reality. They might believe they are still working, expect to see a loved one who has passed away, or think they are living in a different decade. These beliefs aren’t simply confusion, they are real to the person in that moment.

Trying to correct or challenge these perceptions can often lead to distress, frustration, or even fear. Imagine being told that your deeply held belief is wrong, over and over again. Instead of helping, it can make someone feel unheard and unsafe.

That’s why validation is such an important approach in dementia care. Rather than arguing or insisting on facts, we can choose to acknowledge the person’s feelings and gently guide the conversation in a way that brings comfort. If someone believes they need to catch a bus to work, we might ask what they did in their job, or offer reassurance that everything is taken care of. These moments of connection help build trust and reduce anxiety.

Supporting someone in their reality also means creating environments that feel familiar and safe. Surrounding them with personal items, photographs, and routines they recognise can help anchor their experience and reduce confusion. It’s about making the world feel less overwhelming and more comforting.

Supporting Someone in Their Reality

Understanding how dementia affects perception helps carers respond with empathy. For example:

  • If someone sees a black mat as a hole, guide them around it.
  • If they talk to someone who isn’t there, sit with them and offer comfort.
  • If they misidentify you, calmly introduce yourself again.

Types of Activities That Help

Living with dementia doesn’t mean giving up on the things that bring joy, purpose, and connection. In fact, staying active, whether physically, mentally, and socially, can make a profound difference in the lives of those affected by the condition.

Activity helps maintain a sense of identity and independence. Whether it’s a short walk, a favourite song, or a chat over a cup of tea, these moments offer more than just stimulation, they offer dignity, comfort, and a sense of belonging. For someone living with dementia, engaging in familiar routines and enjoyable tasks can reduce anxiety, lift mood, and even slow the progression of symptoms.

Physical movement, even gentle exercise, supports mobility and balance, helping to prevent falls and maintain strength. It also improves sleep and boosts overall wellbeing. Mental stimulation, through puzzles, reminiscence, or creative hobbies, can help keep the brain active and engaged. And social interaction, whether with family, carers, or community groups, helps reduce feelings of isolation and promotes emotional health.

Importantly, activity doesn’t have to be complicated. It can be as simple as folding laundry, watering plants, or listening to music. What matters most is that it’s tailored to the individual, reflecting their interests, abilities, and life story.

Here are some dementia-friendly activities that can be adapted to suit different abilities:

  • Walking or chair exercises
  • Music and singing
  • Gardening or flower arranging
  • Arts and crafts
  • Cooking or baking simple recipes
  • Reminiscence activities (e.g., photo albums, memory boxes)
  • Games and puzzles
  • Pet therapy or nature visits

Keeping Active

Cognitive Benefits

  • Slows cognitive decline: Regular activity can help maintain brain function and delay the progression of symptoms.
  • Stimulates memory and thinking: Activities like puzzles, music, or gardening engage different parts of the brain.
  • Improves mood and reduces anxiety: Physical movement releases endorphins, which help reduce stress and depression.

Physical Health Benefits

  • Improves mobility and balance: Gentle exercise like walking or stretching reduces the risk of falls.
  • Supports heart and circulation: Activities that get the blood flowing help maintain overall health.
  • Encourages better sleep: Being active during the day can lead to more restful nights.

Social and Emotional Benefits

  • Reduces isolation: Group activities or walks with a companion promote connection and conversation.
  • Boosts self-esteem: Completing tasks or participating in activities gives a sense of achievement.
  • Provides structure and routine: Regular activities help create a predictable and comforting daily rhythm.
Two people’s feet on a sidewalk; one uses a cane, the other wears black shoes with red laces. - Home Instead

Understanding Behaviours and Needs

When someone is living with dementia, their ability to communicate using words often becomes more difficult over time. But that doesn’t mean they stop expressing themselves. Instead, they may begin to communicate through their behaviours, actions that reflect how they’re feeling, what they need, or how they’re experiencing the world around them.

These behaviours can sometimes be misunderstood. A person may become agitated, repeat questions, or withdraw from others, and it’s easy to assume they’re simply being difficult or confused. But in reality, these behaviours are often meaningful. They are expressions of discomfort, fear, boredom, or even a need for reassurance. For someone with dementia, behaviour becomes a language of its own.

Imagine feeling pain but not being able to explain it, or being in an unfamiliar place and not knowing how to ask for help. These moments can be deeply distressing, and the resulting behaviours, such as pacing, shouting, or refusing care, are often the only way a person can communicate their experience.

Understanding this shift in communication is essential for carers, family members, and professionals. It allows us to respond with empathy rather than frustration. Instead of asking “Why are they acting like this?”, we begin to ask “What are they trying to tell me?”

Responding to behavioural expressions with patience and compassion can make a world of difference. A calm voice, a familiar routine, or a comforting touch can help someone feel safe and understood. Offering choices, engaging in meaningful activities, and creating a familiar environment can also reduce distress and promote wellbeing.

Eating Well with Dementia

Good nutrition is essential for everyone, but for individuals living with dementia, eating well takes on even greater importance. A balanced diet not only supports physical health, it also plays a vital role in maintaining cognitive function, emotional wellbeing, and overall quality of life.

As dementia progresses, changes in appetite, taste, and eating habits are common. Some people may forget to eat, lose interest in food, or struggle with chewing and swallowing. Others may experience increased cravings or eat repetitively. These changes can lead to weight loss, dehydration, and nutritional deficiencies, which in turn can worsen confusion, fatigue, and mood.

That’s why creating a supportive and enjoyable mealtime experience is so important. Familiar foods, regular routines, and a calm environment can help make eating feel safe and comforting. Encouraging independence, whether it’s choosing what to eat or helping with food preparation, can also boost confidence and dignity.

Eating well helps maintain strength, energy, and immunity. It supports brain health and can even help manage symptoms like restlessness or low mood. Hydration is equally important, as dehydration can quickly lead to increased confusion and discomfort.

Person in plaid apron eating salad and chicken with a glass of red wine on a wooden table. - Home Instead

Dementia and Driving

For many people, driving is more than just a way to get from A to B, it’s a symbol of independence, freedom, and routine. So when dementia enters the picture, the thought of giving up driving can be deeply emotional and challenging. But understanding how dementia affects driving is essential for keeping everyone safe, including the person behind the wheel.

A diagnosis of dementia doesn’t automatically mean someone must stop driving. In fact, many people continue to drive safely in the early stages. However, dementia is a progressive condition, and over time it begins to affect the very skills that are crucial for safe driving. These include memory, attention, reaction time, judgement, and the ability to process visual and spatial information.

Driving is a complex task. It requires quick decision-making, the ability to read the road, respond to unexpected situations, and remember routes. As dementia progresses, these abilities can become impaired, increasing the risk of accidents. Some types of dementia, such as Lewy body dementia or frontotemporal dementia, may cause symptoms like visual hallucinations or impulsive behaviour early on, which can make driving unsafe even in the early stages.

Legally, anyone diagnosed with dementia in the UK must inform the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) or Driver and Vehicle Agency (DVA) in Northern Ireland. Failing to do so can result in fines or prosecution, especially if an accident occurs. Once notified, the DVLA/DVA may request a medical report, a health check, or a specialist driving assessment to determine whether the person can continue driving safely.

These assessments are designed to be supportive and thorough. They look at reaction times, decision-making, physical ability, and how dementia is affecting the person’s driving. If the person is deemed safe, they may be allowed to continue driving with regular reviews. If not, they may be asked to surrender their licence.

Giving up driving can be a difficult and emotional decision. It may feel like a loss of independence, especially if public transport isn’t accessible or family support is limited. That’s why it’s so important to approach the topic with empathy. Encouraging open conversations, offering alternatives like community transport or walking, and acknowledging the emotional impact can help someone feel respected and supported.

Planning Ahead

When a loved one is diagnosed with dementia, it can feel overwhelming. Amid the emotional impact, families are often faced with the challenge of planning for an uncertain future. While every journey with dementia is unique, early preparation can help ensure your loved one’s wishes are respected and that you, as a family, are equipped to support them with confidence and compassion.

Here’s a guide to help families plan ahead:

Set up a Lasting Power of Attorney (LPA): This legal document allows a trusted person to manage financial affairs if your loved one loses capacity. There are two types: one for property and financial affairs, and one for health and welfare.

Review benefits and entitlements: Your loved one may be eligible for support such as Attendance Allowance, Personal Independence Payment, or Carer’s Allowance.

Organise finances early: Consider setting up direct debits, simplifying banking with chip-and-signature cards, and consolidating accounts to make money management easier.

Create or update a Will: Ensuring your loved one’s estate is managed according to their wishes can prevent future disputes and provide peace of mind.

Advance Decision (Living Will): This legally binding document allows someone to refuse specific medical treatments in the future.

Advance Statement: Though not legally binding, this records personal preferences, such as daily routines, diet, or religious practices, to guide future care.

Care Needs Assessment: Request one from your local council to determine the level of support required and explore options like home care, extra care housing, or residential care homes.

Appointeeship for benefits: If your loved one struggles to manage their benefits, an appointee can be appointed through the DWP.

Planning for the future after a dementia diagnosis isn’t easy, but it’s a powerful act of love. By taking steps early, families can ensure that their loved one’s dignity, preferences, and wellbeing are protected throughout their journey.

If you need help navigating these decisions, reach out to local services, charities, or your GP. You’re not alone, and support is available every step of the way.

How We Support People Living with Dementia

At Home Instead Inverclyde and North Ayrshire, we understand that every journey with dementia is unique. Our services are designed to support both individuals and their families:

Specialist Dementia Care

Our Care Professionals receive expert dementia training and deliver care that is tailored to each person’s needs, preferences, and life story.

Care at Home

We believe home is the best place to age. Our services include:

  • Companionship and conversation
  • Personal care and hygiene support
  • Help with meals, medication, and daily routines
  • Dementia-friendly activities and engagement

Support for Families

We offer guidance, emotional support, and practical help to family carers, ensuring they’re not alone in their journey.

Need Someone to Turn To? We’re Here for You

If you’re concerned about a loved one or need support yourself, don’t hesitate to reach out. We offer free care consultations to help you explore your options and find the right support.

Together, We Can Make a Difference

Let’s spread awareness, offer support, and ensure no one faces dementia alone. Whether you’re seeking care, advice, or just someone to talk to—Home Instead Inverclyde and North Ayrshire is here for you.