Understanding Dementia
Almost a million people are currently living with dementia in the UK. We look at the main types of dementia, symptoms and causes, and specialist support available.
Is Alzheimer's disease the same as dementia?
Dementia refers to a group of related conditions associated with decline of brain function. Signs of dementia can include memory loss, confusion, loss of ability to understand or use words correctly, loss of normal good judgement, and difficulties sequencing everyday activities. It can result in people losing interest in their usual relationships and activities, feeling isolated, displaying unusual and sometimes socially unacceptable behaviour, and experiencing hallucinations or hearing voices.
The most common type of dementia by far, accounting for 60%-80% of cases, is Alzheimer’s Disease. Like many of the common causes of dementia, Alzheimer’s is the result of a build-up of abnormal proteins in the brain which disrupt brain function, eventually leading to loss of brain cells. It is primarily characterised by gradual memory loss, particularly for recent events, confusion and language difficulties.
Other types of dementia
Lewy Body dementia, accounting for 10-15% of cases, is also caused by the build-up of abnormal proteins, in this instance called Lewy bodies, in areas of the brain associated with memory, thought processes and control of movement. Symptoms can include fluctuating mental ability, sleep disturbance and hallucinations.
Parkinson’s disease dementia is caused by the build-up of proteins similar to Lewy bodies, in the later stages of Parkinson’s; studies have found that about 75% of those living with Parkinson’s for ten years or more will develop dementia.
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is caused primarily by the accumulation of abnormal proteins in the frontal and temporal (side) lobes of the brain, affecting personality, behaviour and language rather than memory loss. FTD is less common generally, but unlike most other dementias is more common in people under the age of 65, making it typically an “early onset” dementia”. Around 40% of FTD cases reflect a family history of the disease, suggesting a strong genetic component.
Vascular dementia
Vascular dementia is the second most prevalent form of dementia after Alzheimer’s.
It is caused by damage to the brain as a result of impaired blood flow, eg due to a stroke, high blood pressure or disease of the small blood vessels. It can have a sudden onset or be the result of a gradual process. Symptoms can vary according to location and extent of the damage but typically include changes in personality, confusion and cognitive problems (although memory loss is less significant), and language problems.
Causes of dementia
The distinctions between different types of dementia are often not clear and older people will commonly be diagnosed as having mixed dementia, displaying symptoms of two or more dementia types, most commonly Alzheimer’s and vascular.
Whilst the causes and underlying mechanisms behind dementias will vary and are not fully understood, the risks are believed to be increased by lifestyle factors such as poor diet, smoking, excessive alcohol and lack of exercise, and medical factors such as head injury, high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, obesity and depression. Untreated hearing loss is also thought to be a factor, due to reduced brain stimulation.
Treatments for dementia
Whilst there is currently no cure for dementia, there are treatments to help manage symptoms and protect quality of life. Medications include those for cognitive symptoms and those that aim to treat behavioural problems such as antidepressants, antipsychotics and sleep aids. Non-pharmacological treatments include therapies for cognitive stimulation, reminiscence and behavioural therapy to address specific problems.
Families caring for a loved one living with dementia may find that our dedicated YouTube channel Home Truths offers useful support, advice and practical tips, and possibly some amusement as well.
Specialist dementia care
Home Instead’s specialist care for those living with dementia is bespoke to each individual’s needs but will typically include:
- Mental stimulation through games, puzzles and similar activities
- Social interaction and local outings to reduce isolation
- Reminiscence, using memories and familiar objects to promote engagement
- Physical exercise, which can improve mood and may slow progression of the condition
- Support with maintaining a healthy diet
- Daily routine and familiarity to help reduce confusion and anxiety
In addition, we offer monthly Let’s Sing sessions at Milestones Museum in Basingstoke, to provide stimulation through singing for individuals living with dementia and opportunities for mutual support for family carers.
If you’d like to find out more about our home care services please give us a ring on 01256 840 660, email us at [email protected] or visit: Home Instead Basingstoke